2) Vaccines will give my child autism!
3) "A new link between grilling meats and cancer..."
4) Aren't you worried about Bisphenol-A in the linings of your canned food?
5) Have you heard about the link between acrylamide and cancer? You can get cancer now from burnt toast!
In the modern media era, we are literally buried by the above kind of "information." We all have friends who post alarming articles on Facebook, or friends who send us chain emails loaded with concerns like these. And of course, we're constantly exposed to major news media outlets carrying authoritative-sounding articles based on scientific studies... studies that somehow always seem to discover a link between a perfectly reasonable everyday activity and some dreaded disease.
Readers, this is not information. It is just another form of pornography. It isn't meant to inform you, it's meant to stimulate your limbic system. It's designed to produce fear and worry (hence the term "worry porn"), so you'll click, read, or just sit there and keep watching.
Fear is a hindbrain reaction. Our forebrains just follow along. Whatever article we happen to be reading merely has to seem persuasive--which is laughably easy as most readers lack basic critical thinking skills.
Voilà: we believe the fear is real and worth worrying about.
And yet this information is never worth worrying about. To see why, allow me to share five rules I keep in mind whenever I stumble onto worry porn:
Rule 1: The studies we see are the most outlandish or the most fear-inducing.
This is a basic and fundamental concept of the media. Fear sells and surprise sells. Further, the more media you consume, the more it seems normal to read about fear and surprise, to the point where it begins to skew your own perception of reality. Incidentally, this is why, in an era when life has never been safer for human beings, we all feel like life is more dangerous than ever.
Rule 2: A tiny fraction of studies are independently replicated.
A study that "proves" something actually proves nothing until somebody else can come up with the same findings separately. This almost never happens, but you'd never know it judging by the way the media covers scientific issues. The general media is interested in selling you information that surprises or scares you, it is not interested in running follow up stories on how such-and-such study couldn't be replicated by anyone else.
Rule 3: Even when the results of a study are replicated, the size or strength of the effect is smaller--usually significantly smaller--than the findings of the original study.
It's not enough that we're unable to replicate most studies. Even when when we do replicate results, the linkage is almost always far weaker than the original findings. This is known as the Decline Effect, and it's been confounding researchers for decades. Taken to its logical conclusion, the Decline Effect suggests that there is some other unknown form of bias--statistical bias, survivor bias, medical journal bias, perhaps even political bias--at work that skews the fundamental nature of scientific studies.
Rule 4: No one sees the studies that say "this chemical is safe," "this pattern of behavior is safe" or "we postulated this link between burnt toast and cancer but didn't find anything."
This is known as the File Drawer Effect: Studies that don't prove anything or studies that produce negative findings tend to vanish into the journal editor's file drawer without getting published. Why? Readers should know the answer by heart by now: If there's no fear involved, no one will read it.
Rule 5: Therefore, any fears you have after hearing about any study, ever, are overblown.
Thinking about scientific studies this way is immensely freeing, not to mention a lot less fear-inducing.
But that's the funny thing about fear: if you have a fear, you can't really ask me or anyone else to save you from your fear. Your fear is a feeling. It can't be disproven. You have to decide yourself whether you will submit to your fear or not.
Once you wrap your mind around what worry porn really is, you'll be able to look at this information in an entirely new way. You will no longer worry. You'll recognize that this information is presented against backdrop of fear, and it's designed for one reason and one reason only: to keep you reading, watching and listening.
Readers, what do you think? Share your thoughts in the comments.
A quick footnote: One more thing. I'd like to briefly review perhaps the worst example of worry-porn ever. Why do so many people harbor an irrational fear that vaccines cause autism? It all stems from an extremely famous study that supposedly found a link between autism and the MMR vaccine.
This study got a lot of publicity. A lot. After all, there's nothing more fear inducing than the idea that we could be deliberately harming our very own children. And this study scared millions of parents away from vaccinating their kids.
And that study? It turns out that the data was faked, the study was fraudulent and the author was barred permanently from practicing medicine.
Leaving us with no facts, no study, just fear. Which is incredibly sad, because there are now thousands of children contracting measles in perfectly modern developing countries, thanks to fears spread by a false study. There was a measles outbreak in Scotland--Scotland!--just last April while I was there visiting.
Thus now we're facing outbreaks of a dangerous childhood disease that should already be conquered. Keep this example in mind the next time you can't resist clicking on some article that says "A new study suggests a link between...."
For further reading:
1) The Truth Wears Off - a well-written article on the Decline Effect in the New Yorker
2) Publication Bias (including thoughts on the File Drawer Effect) at Wikipedia
3) The Decline Effect Is Stupid - a critique of the above New Yorker article at The Last Psychiatrist
4) "Wakefield’s article linking the MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent" - a short and useful summary at the British Medical Journal Online on the autism/vaccine fraud.
5) Fifteen Years After Autism Panic, a Plague of Measles Erupts - Sobering article on the unintended consequences of worrying about all the wrong things.
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...and self-indulgent prose. (
We have typical, medium-sized spoons in our kitchen--not baby-sized, but not ginormous IKEA spoons either. And a "rounded spoonful" of sugar worked out to exactly 8 grams.
by Travis Bradberry and Jean Greaves. A quick, easy and useful read on emotional awareness and self-mastery. The first 100-150 pages are the most valuable. 
Mike Pollan's new book, and the above quote, sitting right there on page 3, jumped up and slapped me in the face. 
It's a standard sponge cake recipe, but I've added quite a few details to the instructions to make the steps more clear to readers (Better Homes is an excellent cookbook, but occasionally its instructions lack context and detail).
but you can find one for under $20 at any discount store. No need to overspend here: I bought a really crappy and inexpensive one more than 10 years ago and it's still going strong.
